This seems not to be an issue just with planets, or even just with intel - Graphikcards. I have the same effects with my NVIDIA GTX660 on my multiplayer server, where i am not able to play, since the last update, because of this. Every time after logging in it takes about max a minute, everything is invisible for me, except the planet core and some rare fragments of structures.
But if i play on my local server, there is no planet near me, just my ship and a shop nearby, and after playing some minutes, nearly everything around me suddenly is invisible for me. Only some fragments stay visible. No chance to play like this
I thought, this is an official bug, so i was waiting for a fix since the 9. september...
I know, its in alpha state and shit happens
but i like to play starmade really very much, and this way playing makes no sense. So i still hope for a fix for this "not a bug" in the near future